Chapter 490 There is only one truth!
"The Stone Age began about 2.5 million years ago and lasted from about 7,000 to 2,000 years ago."
"From the time we were monkeys, we learned to throw stones, and by the time we were apes, we were using stone axes."
"The Bronze Age began as early as the 4th century BC in Mesopotamian civilization."
"The earliest bronze artifact unearthed in China is a bronze knife from the Majiayao culture in Gansu, dating back to around 2800 BC. I'm not very good at history, but that would be the early Shang Dynasty, right?"
"In ancient Egypt, bronze vessels appeared during the Second Dynasty, entering the Bronze Age."
"There was also the Aegean civilization at the same time."
"After that, it was the Iron Age until now."
"Iron tools were first used in ancient Egypt and Sumer, where they were used in very small quantities as early as 4000 BC. However, most of the iron was obtained rather than extracted from iron ore, so it was many times more expensive than gold."
"Until around 3000 B.C. to 2000 B.C., iron was increasingly extracted from meteorite deposits in Asia Minor, Egypt and Mesopotamia."
"In China, five iron-bladed bronze axes from the Shang Dynasty in the 14th century BC were unearthed. We call them 'sky stones'."
"The Hittite Empire was the first to mass produce and apply iron, and they mastered the iron smelting technology around 1400 BC. By 1200 BC, iron had been widely used in the Middle East, but it had not replaced bronze ."
"It took humans millions of years to go from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age and then to the Iron Age today. This is the progress of civilization and the progress of mankind."
“This is the famous three-stage theory, which divides the development of human civilization into three stages based on materials.”
In Bifang's description, the audience seemed to see in the long river of history, the piles of burning charcoal, the pieces of black ore fed into the furnace, and under the high-temperature calcination, they turned into dazzling red molten iron, pouring out.
[Of the four ancient nations, we are the only one left. I am proud! ]
[Lao Fang seems to know so much about history, cover your face, your status has reached a new level]
[The progress of human civilization seems complicated, but it is actually the change of materials]
【Huaxia, awesome! 】
Many foreign netizens also expressed their admiration.
Since the discovery of iron, people have begun to add different components to it, change its properties through different temperature processes, and achieve different microstructures through different processes.
This black metal, which seems to have unlimited potential, has become the most important pillar supporting the industrial civilization of the entire planet.
Now, Bifang will leap over millions of years of history and refine this black metal with infinite functions in the most primitive wilderness.
[If human civilization is lost, Boss Fang’s live broadcast should be preserved]
【Maybe I can restart a civilization】
[cowhide]
Seeing such comments, Bifang joked while holding the clay in his hand: "I am now standing on the shoulders of giants. I have enough knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology and the environment to achieve such a goal. It looks like a wilderness, but it is actually the embodiment of human civilization as a whole."
After laying the bottom layer with clay, Bifang applied more clay around the edges, making the whole thing look like a toilet.
It was surrounded by clay on all sides, leaving only a hole of nearly four square decimeters.
When the accumulation reached the same level as the ground, Bifang made an extra protruding U-shaped opening and said, "This is the chimney opening. The gas exchange will depend on it later."
A passage was made, and the whole thing looks more like a toilet.
Not far away, the water monitor lizard that had returned to the cave poked its head out again, as if wondering what the tall creature in front of it was doing.
In its mind, hunting, eating, resting and reproduction are the meaning of life.
The confused monitor lizard scratched its skin with its claws, thinking about going to the pier at noon... and catching a fish in the puddle.
[Like, really too much like]
[Okay, now our dry toilet is complete, let’s try it out]
【Pulling and burning at the same time】
[Other people use water to clean, but Boss Fang's has a drying function. The boss is really special]
Bifang laughed and said, there was nothing he could do about it. The shape of the stove nowadays was indeed very delicate.
Looking from above, it does look a bit like a toilet, a squat type, but with a square fire vent in the front.
After it was done, Bifang rolled the clay into thin rectangular strips, baked them over fire, and after they were slightly dry and hardened, they were placed inside the furnace.
There is a slightly protruding platform underneath, which is reserved and can be used as a shelf.
"This is a furnace bridge. In the past, coal stoves had something called a furnace bridge. At that time, there was a saying that 'fire needs to be hollow', which means that coal needs oxygen when it burns."
"If the coal is packed tightly together without oxygen, it will not burn. The coal needs to be suspended to facilitate air circulation and help combustion, and this task is done by the furnace bridge."
"The furnace bridge is usually made of cast iron, like an iron fence. It is placed in the middle of the furnace, with coal on top and a furnace door at the bottom. The furnace door can be opened and closed to adjust the fire. We don't have this function here. It is just used to facilitate air circulation."
After the furnace bridge was built, Bifang immediately broke off small branches, laid them on the "toilet", and then covered it with clay again.
"This is a ventilation hole. We can't let the clay block it. Laying a layer of branches can fix it and prevent it from collapsing. It will be fixed after drying. The branches don't need to be removed. They will be burned to ashes."
[To be honest, this furnace is more advanced than the one we had when we first started. ]
[High-temperature toilets: You can only use the toilet within a certain time, otherwise your butt will be roasted. ]
[Capitalist: Install it in my company! Replace all of them with this! ]
[That's impossible. Isn't fuel free? It would be more reasonable to charge for tilting toilets and timed toilets.]
This section of the Bifang paste just separates the fire hole and the "toilet". Then, a stone slab is made of clay according to the size of the fire hole.
"The size of the stone slab should be larger than the fire hole to insulate the heat."
After making the slab and letting it dry and harden naturally, Bifang patted his dark grey palms and breathed a sigh of relief: "Okay, we've done this for the whole morning. Let's have lunch at noon and go to the river to pick up some clay. We'll continue making chimneys and charcoal."
Back in the shelter, Bifang came to the puddle and was about to fish, but found that the only two remaining fish had also disappeared.
Looking at the slope not far away, a piece of fish bone was spit out not far away.
Bifang: “…”
…
At noon, Bifang came to the stream again. After catching three big fish, he reinforced the fishing ground again, expanded its area, and threw rotten fish entrails into it. At the same time, he built another fishing ground further downstream in the river.
"Originally, one fishery could catch two or three big fish and four or five small fish every day, but now I have a thief neighbor, so one fishery is not enough. So I want to build another one. The two should be farther apart, preferably more than 200 meters."
"Now we will dig some more clay, add some clean water, and harvest some sugar cane and houttuynia cordata."
The benefits of returning to the camp became apparent at this moment. Not only was there a stable supply of vegetables, but there was also a fixed supply of sweet fruits. Although not too sweet, they were also a rare delicacy.
Bifang shoveled the clay into the frame, going back and forth three times to fill the pit, and then lit firewood in the half-finished fire pit to speed up the drying process.
As a result, I was surprised to find a claw mark on the clay nearby...
[Hahahaha, I can’t take it anymore. I’m dying of laughter.]
[I can’t hit it, and it’s hard to drive it away. What can I do? I can only keep it alive.]
[This is the first time I have encountered a problem that even Lao Fang couldn’t solve. 】
Bifang rubbed his temples. He originally wanted to pour some water and boil it here for disinfection, but now it seems that he cannot leave.
He didn't want to drink the water that the monitor lizard had drunk.
It has only been a short time since I left. If I were away for longer, wouldn’t someone else take over my place?
[Lao Fang: You dare to grab my territory? ]
[Water Monitor Lizard: It was you who stole it from me first! ]
The audience started laughing crazily.
Bifang shook his head, cleaned the fish and mixed it with Houttuynia cordata for a meal, then took a lot of firewood and went to another open space.
"To smelt iron, even though we have a blast furnace, burning firewood alone is not enough. We must have a lot of charcoal."
[To be honest, I don’t really understand the difference here…]
[Charcoal is made from burning wood! Is the temperature of burning charcoal higher than that of burning wood? ]
【Knowledge Blind Spots】
【A physical and chemical knowledge is actually】
"It is indeed a physical chemistry knowledge, but it is too complicated to explain in that way. It requires a lot of equations to explain. I will just keep it simple."
Bifang rebuilt a suitable small building on the ground with clay.
"Charcoal is a wood processing product, but it is not burned in an ordinary furnace. It is a processed product that can only be produced in a high-temperature, oxygen-poor environment. At this time, the moisture in the wood is evaporated, and the structure itself has also changed. The interior will present a honeycomb structure, which is easier to ignite, has a higher combustion efficiency, and produces very little smoke."
"Then burn this honeycomb structure to produce a more violent combustion reaction and reach a higher temperature."
[I want to see a complicated explanation, funny]
"To explain it in a complicated way, if we take cellulose, the main chemical substance that makes up wood, as the object of investigation, the basic component of glucose is carbohydrates."
"Comparing glucose to charcoal is like comparing '1 mol of C6H12O6' to the carbon element which contains 6 mol of carbon atoms."
"So, the six water atoms in 'C6H12O6' will remain water after burning and will not generate much heat. In other words, its combustion heat is mainly contributed by the six carbon atoms. In this way, the combustion heat of wood and charcoal will not be too different. You can check the chemistry handbook to see what the difference is between the two."
[The heat of combustion of glucose is 2800 kj/mol, while the heat of combustion of an equivalent amount of C is 2361 kj/mol. Oops, the difference is not that big. ]
Bifang smiled and said, "So, when wood is burned , it produces six carbon dioxide molecules and six more water molecules that also need to be heated."
"But! After the charcoal burns, there are only CO2 molecules!"
"Charcoal doesn't have to consider what water molecules are being heated. When charcoal burns, fewer substances and fewer molecules need to be heated."
"This is the fundamental reason why the maximum combustion temperature of charcoal is higher than that of wood!"
